73
Томас Перлс, электронные письма автору от 27 ноября 2021 г. и 17 января 2022 г.
74
Described in Austad, Methuselah's Zoo, 273–74.
75
C. López-Otín et al., "The Hallmarks of Aging," Cell 153, no. 6 (June 6, 2013): 1194–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039. Недавно эту классическую статью исправили и дополнили к десятилетию публикации оригинала: C. López-Otín et al. "Hallmarks of Aging: An Expanding Universe," Cell 186, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 243–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001.
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Два источника, где весьма увлекательно описана история генетики: Matthew Cobb, Life's Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code (London: Profile Books, 2015), и Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene: An Intimate History (New York: Scribner, 2017).
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О десятилетних усилиях по расшифровке генетического кода и выяснению механизма синтеза белков можно прочитать: Cobb, Life's Greatest Secret..
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Venki Ramakrishnan, Gene Machine: The Race to Decipher the Secrets of the Ribosome (London: Oneworld, 2018).
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H. W. Herr, "Percivall Pott, the Environment and Cancer," BJU International 108, no. 4 (August 2011): 479–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464–410x.2011.10487.x.
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G. Pontecorvo, "Hermann Joseph Muller, 1890–1967," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 14 (November 1968): 348–89, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015; Elof Axel Carlson, Hermann Joseph Muller 1890–1967: A Biographical Memoir (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2009), доступно в интернете на сайте http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/muller-hermann.pdf.
81
Errol Friedberg, chap. 1, "In the Beginning," in Correcting the Blueprint of Life: An Historical Account of the scovery of DNA Repair Mechanisms (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997).
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Geoffrey Beale, "Charlotte Auerbach, 14 May 1899–1917 March 1994," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 41 (November 1995): 20–42, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1995.0002.
83
Великолепный краткий обзор первых исследований на тему повреждения и репарации ДНК можно найти в книге Фридберга в 1-й главе: Friedberg, chap. 1, "In the Beginning," in Correcting the Blueprint of Life.
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Деятельность организации признана нежелательной на территории Российской Федерации. – Прим. ред.
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A. Downes and T. P. Blunt, "The Influence of Light upon the Development of Bacteria," Nature 16 (July 12, 1877), 218, https://doi.org/10.1038/016218a0; F. L. Gates, "A Study of the Bactericidal Action of Ultraviolet Light," Journal of General Physicology 14, no. 1 (September 20, 1930): 31–42, https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.14.1.31.
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R. B. Setlow and J. K. Setlow, "Evidence That Ultraviolet-Induced Thymine Dimers in DNA Cause Biological Damage," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1962): 1250–57, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.48.7.1250.
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R. B. Setlow, P. A. Swenson, and W. L. Carrier, "Thymine Dimers and Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by Ultraviolet Irradiation of Cells," Science 142, no. 3698 (December 13, 1963): 1464–66, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.142.3598.1464; R. B. Setlow and W. L. Carrier, "The Disappearance of Thymine Dimers from DNA: An Error-Correcting Mechanism, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America 51, no. 2 (April 1964): 226–31, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.51.2.226.
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R. P. Boyce and P. Howard-Flanders, "Release of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Thymine Dimers from DNA in E. coli K–12," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1964): 293–300, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.51.2.293; D. Pettijohn and P. Hanawalt, "Evidence for Repair-Replication of Ultraviolet Damaged DNA in Bacteria," Journal of Molecular Biology 9, no. 2 (August 1964): 395–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022–2836(64)80216–3.
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Aziz Sancar, "Mechanisms of DNA Repair by Photolyase and Excision Nuclease" (Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2015), available at https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/sancar-lecture.pdf.
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Превосходное описание открытий Линдала содержится в его Нобелевской лекции: "The Intrinsic Fragility of DNA" (8 декабря 2015 г.), доступной на сайте: https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/lindahl-lecture.pdf.
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Tomas Lindahl, "Instability and Decay of the Primary Structure of DNA," Nature 362, no. 6422 (April 22, 1993): 709–715.
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Paul Modrich, "Mechanisms in E. coli and Human Mismatch Repair" (Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2015, https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/modrich-lecture.pdf).
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Ibid.
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Как все чаще случается из-за того, что число лауреатов должно быть не более трех, присуждение Нобелевской премии за открытие репарации ДНК не обошлось без конфликтов: David Kroll, "This Year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry Sparks Questions About How Winners Are Selected," сайт Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN), https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i45/Years-Nobel-Prize-Chemistry-Sparks.html, дата последнего изменения 11.11.2015.
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B. Schumacher et al., "The Central Role of DNA Damage in the Ageing Process," Nature 592, no. 7856 (April 2021): 695–703, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586–021–03307–7.
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K. T. Zondervan, "Genomic Analysis Identifies Variants That Can Predict the Timing of Menopause," Nature 596, no. 7872 (August 2021): 345–46, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586–021–01710–8; K. S. Ruth et al., "Genetic Insights into Biological Mechanisms Governing Human Ovarian Ageing," Nature 596, no. 7872 (August 2021): 393–97, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586–021–03779–7. См. также комментарий у: H. Ledford, "Genetic Variations Could One Day Help Predict Timing of Menopause," сайт Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586–021–02128-y, дата последнего изменения 04.04.2021.
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Апоптоз, или запрограммированная гибель клеток, – это тоже часть нормального развития организма. Избранные клетки отмирают в определенные моменты развития на пути от единственной клетки к взрослой особи. Это явление ученые открыли, изучая, как из оплодотворенной яйцеклетки развивается особь нематоды C. elegans, состоящая из почти тысячи клеток. За это открытие в 2002 г. биологи Сидни Бреннер, Джон Сальстон и Роберт Хоровиц были удостоены Нобелевской премии.
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A. J. Levine and G. Lozano, eds., The P53 Protein: From Cell Regulation to Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2016).
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L. M. Abegglen et al., "Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparative Cellular Response to DNA Damage in Humans," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 314, no. 17 (November 3, 2015): 1850–60, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13134; M. Sulak et al., "TP53 Copy Number Expansion Is Associated with the Evolution of Increased Body Size and an Enhanced TP Damage Response in Elephants," eLife 5 (2016): e11994, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11994.
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M. Shaposhnikov et al., "Lifespan and Stress Resistance in Drosophila with Overexpressed DNA Repair Genes," Scientific Reports 5 (October 19, 2015): art. 15299, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15299.
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D. Tejada-Martinez, J. P. de Magalhães, and J. C. Opazo, "Positive Selection and Gene Duplications in Tumour Suppressor Genes Reveal Clues About How Cetaceans Resist Cancer," Proceedings of the